How it knows

Why structure, not search

“What does a Brașov to Munich trip on 20 December cost?” has no page that answers it. The answer depends on the route (which road sections, which counties), the dates (a price is only true for its period; Austria’s 2027 prices start on 1 December and are not published yet), the car (Romania prices by Euro class from 1 October 2026) and the cheapest combination of products. Each of those is a field. Here is one product’s price list as stored:

Outdated statements drivers read online are data too: 26 claim documents, each linked to the fact that corrects it, so the planner can warn about the one you probably read.

What the Knowledge Base caught, and what was decided

The build compares every source with every other. It filed 21 issues. Conflicts are shown with both sides; the decision becomes a standing instruction for every later build.

• conflict · critical · traffic_rules · decided

  The body states that cars, campers, and trailers must carry a warning triangle and high-visibility vest in Austria, but the cited source requirement specifies only cars must carry these items.

  1. not keptCars, campers, and trailers must carry a warning triangle and a high-visibility vest in Austria.
  2. keptCars must carry a warning triangle and a high-visibility vest in Austria.

  The build read the dataset value carTrailer as "a trailer". A trailer carries nothing; drivers of cars and campers, also when towing, carry a triangle and a vest (§ 102(10) KFG). A standing instruction now fixes that vocabulary for every build.

• conflict · critical · * · decided

  The E-Vignette Prices & Vehicle Categories entry lists the 2025 annual D1M price as 59,210 HUF with a note that it is sold as a D1 product, but the County & Regional Vignettes entry does not provide a separate 2025 D1M annual price.

  1. keptThe 2025 annual D1M vignette costs 59,210 HUF and is sold as a D1 product.
  2. not keptThe 2025 annual D1M price is not provided in the county vignettes entry.

  Kept: motorcycles buy the annual Hungarian vignette as a D1 product at the car price (59,210 HUF in 2025).

• conflict · critical · traffic_rules · decided

  The body states that cars, campers, and car-trailers must carry specific equipment in Romania, but the cited source requirement specifies only cars must carry these items.

  1. not keptCars, campers, and car-trailers must carry a first-aid kit, two warning triangles, and a fire extinguisher in Romania.
  2. keptCars must carry an approved first-aid kit, two reflective warning triangles and a fire extinguisher in Romania.

  Same misreading of carTrailer. Romanian law (OUG 195/2002 art. 8) covers every motor vehicle except motorcycles; the trailer itself carries nothing. Fixed with the same instruction.

• conflict · critical · * · decided

  The Penalties & Outdated Online Claims entry states the substitute toll for cars is €200 from 1 January 2026, but the Products & Prices entry lists €120 as a previous figure without clarifying when that amount applied.

  1. not keptThe substitute toll for cars was €120 before 1 January 2026.
  2. keptThe substitute toll for cars is €200 from 1 January 2026.

  Both were true, for different dates: 120 euros before 1 Jan 2026, 200 euros from then. An instruction makes entries always state the date.

Standing instructions

Rules every build follows, tied to the sources they are about.

• from a conflictCars must carry a warning triangle and a high-visibility vest in Austria.
• from a conflictCars must carry an approved first-aid kit, two reflective warning triangles and a fire extinguisher in Romania.
• from a conflictThe 2025 annual D1M vignette costs 59,210 HUF and is sold as a D1 product.
• from a conflictThe substitute toll for cars is €200 from 1 January 2026.
• written by usIn the dataset the vehicle value carTrailer means a car towing a trailer or caravan; it never means the trailer on its own. Equipment rules bind the driver of the towing car or camper, never the trailer. Austria (§ 102(10) KFG): every driver, motorcyclists included, carries a first-aid kit; drivers of cars and campers (multi-track vehicles), also when towing a trailer, also carry a warning triangle and a high-visibility vest. Romania (OUG 195/2002 art. 8): cars and campers carry a first-aid kit, two warning triangles and a fire extinguisher; motorcycles are exempt.
• written by usRomania's winter-tyre fine is class IV: 9 to 20 penalty points. Since 1 July 2026 one point is 216.25 lei (5% of the 4,325-lei minimum gross wage), so the fine is 1,946.25 to 4,325 lei, and the police keep the registration certificate. Lei amounts on the Interior Ministry page were computed with an older point value; never quote them as current.
• written by usAustria's substitute toll (Ersatzmaut) for cars is 200 euros for offences from 1 January 2026 and was 120 euros for offences before that date; for motorcycles 100 euros, before 65 euros. Always state the date the amount applies from.
• written by usHungarian e-vignettes are sold only by the operator (the official shop ematrica.nemzetiutdij.hu, which charges no fee, and its customer service offices) and by resellers contracted through Nemzeti Mobilfizetési (apps, websites, fuel stations and shops near border crossings). Name only these channels; do not mention post offices or the Hungarian automobile club, which no source names.
• written by usIn Austria two different penalties exist for driving without a valid vignette: the substitute toll paid on the spot (Ersatzmaut: 200 euros for cars, 100 for motorcycles from 1 January 2026), and, only if that is not paid, an administrative fine of 300 to 3,000 euros. Never merge them into one range such as 200 to 3,000 euros.

The Knowledge Base outline

22 entries distilled from 103 dataset documents and 24 web pages. The agent reads this outline first, then opens the entries it needs.

• border_crossing

  Border Checks & Identity Documents

  Reintroduced border checks at Austrian and German land borders, ID and passport requirements for crossing between Romania, Hungary, Austria, and Germany.

• emission_zones/germany/berlin_frankfurt

  Berlin & Frankfurt Emission Zones

  Berlin low-emission zone (inside S-Bahn ring, active since 2008): green sticker required, €100 fine, sticker sources. Frankfurt low-emission zone (inside motorway ring, since Oct 2008): green sticker required, €100 fine. Correction of outdated €80 Berlin fine claim.

• emission_zones/germany/munich

  Munich Low-Emission Zone & Diesel Ban

  Munich Umweltzone (Mittlerer Ring, since Feb 2023): green sticker required; diesel Euro 4 and older banned; Euro 5 permitted; €100 fine. Corrects claim that Euro 5 is banned. Manufacturer compensation for affected diesel owners.

• emission_zones/germany/stuttgart

  Stuttgart Emission Zones & Diesel Bans

  Stuttgart: city-wide green sticker zone (since 2008); city-wide ban on diesel Euro 4 and older (since Jan 2019); stricter small environmental zone banning Euro 5 and older diesel (since Jul 2020). Three exempted access routes. €100 fine. Park-and-Ride options.

• emission_zones/germany/umweltplakette

  Umweltplakette: Sticker Rules & Exemptions

  Green sticker requirement for all German low-emission zones: how to obtain (TÜV NORD online €19.90, registration office from €5.95), motorcycle/three-wheeler exemption, correct fine (€100 per BKatV no. 153), active zone count, correction of yellow-sticker and 80€ fine myths.

• tolls/austria/digital_vignette

  Digital Vignette Rules

  Austrian digital vignette (Digitale Vignette): plate-linked purchase via ASFINAG shop or app, 18-day activation delay for 2-month and annual types, immediate validity for 1-day and 10-day, last adhesive sticker in 2026 then digital-only from 2027, disability exemption, replacement procedures.

• tolls/austria/exempt_sections

  Vignette-Free Road Sections

  Sections exempt from vignette: A1 Walserberg–Salzburg Nord, A12 Kufstein border–Kufstein-Süd, A14 Hörbranz–Hohenems, A26 conditionally (§13(1a) BStMG, Dec 2019). Tolled stretches on Hungary–Austria routes: A4 Nickelsdorf–Vienna, A1/A25/A8 Vienna–Suben.

• tolls/austria/penalties

  Penalties & Outdated Claims

  Ersatzmaut: €200 cars, €100 motorcycles from 1 Jan 2026 (was €120/€65); admin fine €300–€3,000 if unpaid. Plate typo invalidates digital vignette; free correction before validity. Fact-checks of outdated claims on prices and penalties.

• tolls/austria/products

  Vignette Products & Prices

  All Austrian motorway vignette types for cars, campers, and motorcycles: 1-day, 10-day, 2-month, and annual; current prices (Dec 2024–Nov 2026); vehicles up to 3.5t; ASFINAG as issuer; GO-Box for vehicles over 3.5t excluded.

• tolls/germany/toll_free_routes

  Germany Toll-Free Status, Routes & Rumours

  Germany has no motorway toll for cars/campers up to 3.5 t (BFStrMG § 1). Toll-free autobahn segments: A3 (Passau–Frankfurt), A8 (Walserberg–Stuttgart), A3/A93/A9 (Passau–Berlin). Debunks the 2016–2019 car vignette proposal struck down by the ECJ in June 2019.

• tolls/hungary/products_and_prices/county_regional

  County & Regional Vignette Prices

  Annual county e-vignette prices (6,890 HUF 2025 / 7,190 HUF 2026) for Pest, Bács-Kiskun, Fejér, Komárom-Esztergom, Győr-Moson-Sopron, Csongrád-Csanád, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok. M1 regional vignette (15,000 HUF 2026) covering four M1-corridor counties.

• tolls/hungary/products_and_prices/debunked_claims

  Hungarian Vignette Outdated & False Claims

  Corrections of false or outdated online claims: no daily vignette (wrong since Apr 2024), wrong expiry time (00:00 vs 24:00), camper D2 myth (correct: D1), M6 toll-free myth (tolled Jan 2026), 75-day surcharge window (correct: 60 days), unconfirmed 2027 prices.

• tolls/hungary/products_and_prices/national_prices

  National E-Vignette Prices by Duration & Category

  2025 and 2026 HUF prices for Hungarian national e-vignettes: daily, 10-day, monthly, and annual durations for D1 (cars/campers), D1M (motorcycles), D2, U categories. Penalty surcharge rates. Overview of all available vignette types.

• tolls/hungary/purchase_rules

  Purchase Channels, Plate Rules & Enforcement

  Where to buy: official shop ematrica.nemzetiutdij.hu (no fee) and contracted resellers via Nemzeti Mobilfizetés (apps, websites, fuel stations, border shops). Plate and country-code matching, correction window (60 days, ≤3 chars, 1,470 HUF fee), penalty surcharges, receipt retention.

• tolls/hungary/sections

  Tolled Motorway Sections & Coverage

  Which Hungarian motorway segments require an e-vignette: M0 (M5–M1), M1 (Budapest–Hegyeshalom), M4 (Szolnok–M0; Kisujszállás stretch toll-free from Dec 2025), M5 (Budapest–Szeged), M43 (Csanádpalota border–Szeged), M6 (tolled Jan 2026). Roads 4 and 42 (Ártánd–Kisujszállás) are toll-free.

• tolls/romania/corrections

  Rovinietă Outdated & False Claims

  Fact-checks of circulating misinformation about Romanian road tolls: wrong durations (7-day, 90-day), wrong start dates (July vs Oct 2026), wrong electric-car rate, distance-based toll confusion for private cars, and the claim that shortest duration is 7 days.

• tolls/romania/pricing

  Rovinietă Pricing & Validity Periods

  Romanian vignette (rovinietă) prices by duration (1, 10, 30, 60 days, 12 months) and Euro emission class; RON rates from 1 Oct 2026 replacing flat EUR prices; annual CPI-indexed adjustment; penalties RON 456–1,320 for non-compliance.

• tolls/romania/purchase

  Rovinietă Purchase Channels & TollRo

  How and where to buy a rovinietă: TollRo electronic platform (mandatory from 1 Oct 2026), portal, mobile app, authorized channels; vignette required on DN and A1 national roads; motorcycle exemption under Order 888/2026; no extra tolls on A1 Sibiu–Nădlac except bridges, tunnels, mountain passes.

• traffic_rules/hungary

  Hungary Driving Rules

  Zero-tolerance alcohol limit (0.0%) under KRESZ 1/1975; daytime running lights/dipped headlights outside built-up areas (cars/campers) and everywhere (motorcycles); trailer/caravan speed limits 80/70/50 km/h; no separate vignette required for trailer behind D1 car.

• vehicle_equipment_and_austria_rules

  Mandatory Vehicle Equipment & Austria Driving Rules

  Compulsory in-vehicle items by country: first-aid kit, warning triangle, high-visibility vest, fire extinguisher. Austria motorway emergency corridor (Rettungsgasse) rules and penalties up to €2,180. Austrian environmental zones exempt private cars, campers, and motorcycles.

• winter_tyres/austria_germany

  Austria & Germany Winter Tyre Rules

  Austria: M+S or 3PMSF (4 mm+), 1 Nov–15 Apr in wintry conditions, chains alternative on fully covered roads, fines €35–10,000. Germany: 3PMSF alpine-symbol required in wintry conditions; M+S-only invalid since Oct 2024; €60–80 + 1 demerit; cars, campers, trailers; motorcycles exempt.

• winter_tyres/romania_hungary

  Romania & Hungary Winter Tyre Rules

  Romania: M+S tyres mandatory on snow/ice/black-ice roads year-round (condition-based, not calendar); Class IV fine 1,946–4,325 lei, registration certificate retained. Hungary: no general winter-tyre obligation; chains mandatory where signed (one driven axle, max 50 km/h); studded tyres banned.

Snapshot taken 2026-09-29 20:35 UTC.

Sources

85 source documents. By language: DE 31, EN 24, RO 21, HU 9. By trust: official 58, press 12, blog 11, club 3, forum 1. Blogs and forums are in the dataset on purpose: they are what drivers read, so the agent must recognise them and say why they are wrong.